Authors & Editors Editors   Robert Fletcher, D.S.W., A.C.S.W., Chief Editor Chief Executive Officer National Association for the Dually Diagnosed Kingston, NY Earl Loschen, M.D. Professor Emeritus, Dept. of Psychiatry  Southern Illinois University School of Medicine Springfield, IL Chrissoula Stavrakaki, M.D., Ph.D. Professor, Department of Psychiatry University of Ottawa Ontario, Canada Michael First, M.D. Professor of Clinicial Psychiatry Department of Psychiatry Columbia University New York, NY  Editor of the DSM-IV-TR Manual Work Groups Adjustment Disorders Andrew Levitas, M.D., Chair Associate Professor of Psychiatry University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey School of Osteopathic Medicine Stratford, New Jersey, USA Anne D. Hurley, Ph.D. Associate Clinical Professor of Psychiatry Tufts University, School of Medicine Harvard Vanguard Medical Associates Wellesley, Massachusetts, USA Anxiety Disorders Sherva Cooray, FRCPsych, DPM, MBBS, Chair Honorary Senior Lecturer Imperial College School of Medicine London, UK Sally Anne Cooper, B.Sc. M.B., B.S., M.D. F.R.C.Psych. Professor of Learning Disabilities University of Glasgow Glasgow, Scotland, UK Susan Gabriel, PMHNP, APRN, BC. Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner Community Resource Alliance St. Johns, Michigan, USA Valerie Gaus, Ph.D. Clinical Psychologist Cold Spring Hills, New York, USA Assessment & Diagnostic Procedures Anne D. Hurley, Ph.D., Chair Associate Clinical Professor of Psychiatry Tufts University, School of Medicine Harvard Vanguard Medical Associates Wellesley, Massachusetts, USA Andrew Levitas, M.D. Associate Professor of Psychiatry University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey School of Osteopathic Medicine Stratford, New Jersey, USA Luc Lecavalier, Ph.D. Assistant Professor of Psychiatry Nisonger Center, Ohio State University Columbus, Ohio, USA Robert J. Pary, M.D. Professor of Psychiatry Southern Illinois University School of Medicine Springfield, Illinois, USA Attention Deficit and Disruptive Behavior Disorders Pauline Lee, Ph.D., Chair Consultant Clinical Psychologist Pennine Care NHS Trust Stalybridge, UK Robin Friedlander, M.D. British Columbia Children’s Hospital Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada Behavior Phenotypes of Genetic Disorders Andrew Levitas, M.D., Chair Associate Professor of Psychiatry University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey School of Osteopathic Medicine Stratford, New Jersey, USA Elizabeth Dykens, Ph.D. Professor of Psychology and Human Development Vanderbilt Kennedy University Nashville, Tennessee, USA Brenda Finucane, M.S. Executive Director, Genetic Services Elwyn, Inc. Elwyn, Pennsylvania, USA Wendy R. Kates, Ph.D. Associate Professor State University of New York at Upstate Medical University Syracuse, New York, USA Communication Disorder Paul H. Kartheiser, M.D., Chair Assistant Professor of Psychiatry University of North Carolina School of Medicine Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA Amy M. Ursano, M.D. Assistant Professor of Psychiatry University of North Carolina School of Medicine Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA L. Jarrett Barnhill, M.D. Professor of Psychiatry University of North Carolina School of Medicine Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA Delirium, Dementia & Amnestic & Other Cognitive Disorders Ann R. Poindexter, M.D., Chair Consultant Conway, Arkansas, USA Robert J. Pary, M.D. Professor of Psychiatry Southern Illinois University, School of Medicine Springfield, Illinois, USA Michael Martin, M.D. Southern Illinois University, School of Medicine Springfield, Illinois, USA Sandra Vicari, Ph.D., LCPC Assistant Professor Southern Illinois University, School of Medicine Springfield, Illinois, USA Eating Disorders Ann R. Poindexter, M.D., Chair Consultant Conway, Arkansas, USA Earl Loschen, M.D. Professor Emeritus of Psychiatry Southern Illinois University, School of Medicine Springfield, Illinois, USA Elimination Disorders & Other Disorders Marc J. Tasse, Ph.D., Chair Associate Professor of Psychiatry University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA L. Jarrett Barnhill, Jr., M.D. Professor of Psychiatry University of North Carolina School of Medicine Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA Susan M. Havercamp, Ph.D. Clinical Psychologist DD Caps Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA Alya Reeve, M.D. Associate Professor of Psychiatry and Neurology University of New Mexico Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA Feeding & Eating Disorders Nellieke D. de Koning, M.D., Chair Chief Psychiatrist De Bascule Academic Centre for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Amsterdam, The Netherlands Frank Moreland, M.A.  Community Integration Coordinator Lifetime Assistance Inc. Rochester, New York, USA Robert J. Valenti, Ph.D. Retired Fairport, New York, USA Anton Dosen, M.D., Ph.D. Professor of Psychiatric Aspects in Intellectual Disability University of Nijmegen Nijmegen, Netherlands Impulse Control Disorders Arthur Rifkin, M.D., Chair Professor of Psychiatry Albert Einstein College of Medicine New York, New York, USA L. Jarrett Barnhill, M.D. Professor of Psychiatry University of North Carolina School of Medicine Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA Intellectual Disability Robert Fletcher, D.S.W., A.C.S.W., Chair Chief Executive Officer National Association for the Dually Diagnosed Kingston, New York, USA Earl Loschen, M.D. Professor Emeritus, Dept. of Psychiatry  Southern Illinois University School of Medicine Springfield, IL Chrissoula Stavrakaki, M.D., Ph.D. Professor, Department of Psychiatry University of Ottawa Ontario, Canada Michael B. First, M.D. Professor of Clinical Psychiatry Columbia University New York, New York, USA Learning Disorders L. Jarrett Barnhill, M.D., Chair Professor of Psychiatry University of North Carolina School of Medicine Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA Diana J. Antonacci, M.D. Associate Professor of Psychiatric Medicine Brody School of Medicine Greenville, North Carolina, USA Nellieke D. de Koning, M.D. Chief Psychiatrist The Basccule Academic Centre for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Duivendrecht, Netherlands Paul H. Kartheiser, M.D. Assistant Professor of Psychiatry University of North Carolina School of Medicine Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA Ann R. Poindexter, M.D. Consultant Conway, Arkansas, USA Mental Disorders Due to a General Medical Condition Susan R. Gabriel, PMHNP, APRN, BC, Chair Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner Community Resource Alliance St. Johns, Michigan, USA Earl Loschen, M.D. Professor Emeritus of Psychiatry Southern Illinois University, School of Medicine Springfield, Illinois, USA Alya Reeve, M.D. Associate Professor of Psychiatry and Neurology University of New Mexico Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA Dale Sanderson, P.A.-C Physician Assistant Seattle Mental Health Seattle, Washington, USA Lauren Charlot, Ph.D. Assistant Professor of Psychiatry University of Massachusetts Medical School Worcester, Massachusetts, USA Mood Disorders Lauren Charlot, Ph.D., Chair Assistant Professor of Psychiatry University of Massachusetts Medical School Worcester, Massachusetts, USA Sherm Fox, M.D. Medical Director, Sovner Center Dartmouth College School of Medicine Danvers, Massachusetts, USA Van R. Silka, M.D. Medical Director University of Massachusetts Memorial Medical Center Worcester, Massachusetts, USA Anne Hurley, Ph.D. Associate Clinical Professor of Psychiatry Tufts University, School of Medicine Harvard Vanguard Medical Associates Wellesley, Massachusetts, USA Michael A. Lowry, Ph.D. Private Practice North Hatfield, Massachusetts, USA Robert J. Pary, M.D. Professor of Psychiatry Southern Illinois University School of Medicine Springfield, Illinois, USA Motor Skills Disorders L. Jarrett Barnhill, M.D., Chair Professor of Psychiatry University of North Carolina School of Medicine Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA Diana J. Antonacci, M.D. Associate Professor of Psychiatric Medicine Brody School of Medicine Greenville, North Carolina, USA Nellieke D. de Koning, M.D. Chief Psychiatrist The Basccule Academic Centre for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Duivendrecht, Netherlands Paul H. Kartheiser, M.D. Assistant Professor of Psychiatry University of North Carolina School of Medicine Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA Ann R. Poindexter, M.D. Consultant Conway, Arkansas, USA Obsessive Compulsive Disorder Robert King, M.D., FRCP (C), Chair Psychiatrist Royal Ottawa Health Care Group Ottawa, Ontario, Canada Chrissoula Stavrakaki, M.D., Ph.D. Professor of Psychiatry University of Ottawa Ottawa, Ontario, Canada Angela Gedye, Ph.D. Private Practice Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada Other Disorders of Infancy, Childhood or Adolescence L. Jarrett Barnhill, M.D., Chair Professor of Psychiatry University of North Carolina School of Medicine Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA Diana J. Antonacci, M.D. Associate Professor of Psychiatric Medicine Brody School of Medicine Greenville, North Carolina, USA Nellieke D. de Koning, M.D. Chief Psychiatrist The Basccule Academic Centre for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Duivendrecht, Netherlands Paul H. Kartheiser, M.D. Assistant Professor of Psychiatry University of North Carolina School of Medicine Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA Ann R. Poindexter, M.D. Consultant Conway, Arkansas, USA Personality Disorders William R. Lindsay, Ph.D., Co- Chair Chair of Learning Disabilities and Forensic Psychology University Abertay Dundee Dundee, Scotland, UK Lawrence A. Dana, Ph.D. ABPP, Co- Chair Private Practice Saratoga Springs, New York, USA Anton Dosen, M.D., Ph.D. Professor of Psychiatric Aspects in Intellectual Disability University of Nijmegen Nijmegen, Netherlands Susan R. Gabriel, PMHNP, APRN Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner Community Resource Alliance St. Johns, Michigan, USA Steven Young, MB ChB MRCPsych Associate Medical Director The State Hospital Board for Scotland Carstairs, Lanark, Scotland, UK Pervasive Development Disorders Brian Bonfardin, M.D., Chair Director of Psychiatric Services East Tennessee State Medical School Johnson City, Tennessee, USA Andrew W. Zimmerman, M.D. Pediatric Neurologist Kennedy Krieger Institute Baltimore, Maryland, USA Valerie Gaus, Ph.D. Private Practice Cold Spring Hills, New York, USA Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Daniel J. Tomasulo, Ph.D., M.F.A., Chair Faculty New Jersey City University Jersey City, New Jersey, USA Nancy J. Razza, Ph.D., CGP ARC of Monmouth Tinton Falls, New Jersey Schizophrenia & Psychotic Disorders Anne H.W. Smith, MB, ChB, DPM, FRCPsych , Co- Chair Consultant Psychiatrist, Honorary Senior Lecturer (retired) Carseview Centre Dundee, Scotland, UK Fabian Haut, Dip CBP MRCPsych, Co- Chair Consultant Psychiatrist Carseview Centre Dundee, Scotland, UK Mark H. Fleisher, M.D. Associate Professor of Psychiatry University of Nebraska College of Medicine Omaha, Nebraska, USA Sleep Disorders Ann R. Poindexter, M.D., Chair Consultant Conway, Arkansas, USA Earl Loschen, M.D. Professor Emeritus of Psychiatry Southern Illinois University, School of Medicine Springfield, Illinois, USA Sexual & Gender Identity Disorders Dorothy Griffiths, Ph.D., Chair Professor of Child and Youth Studies Brock University St. Catharines, Ontario, Canada J. Paul Fedoroff, M.D. Director, Forensic Research Unit Institute of Mental Health Research University of Ottawa Ottawa, Ontario, Canada Deborah Richards, B.A., C.H.M.H. Community Living Welland Pelham Welland, Ontario, Canada Diane Cox-Lindenbaum A.C.S.W. Consultant Ridgefield, Connecticut, USA Ron Langevin, Ph.D. Associate Professor of Psychiatry University of Toronto Toronto, Ontario, Canada Marc Goldman, M.S. Private Practice Durham, North Carolina, USA Stephen Hucker, M.D. Professor, Law and Mental Health Program University of Toronto Toronto, Ontario, Canada William R. Lindsay, Ph.D. Chair of Learning Disabilities and Forensic Psychology University Abertay Dundee Dundee, Scotland, UK Somatoform & Factitious Disorders Bruce Tonge, MB,BS,M.D.,DPM MRCPsych, FRANZCP, Chair Director, Centre for Developmental Psychiatry & Psychology Monash University  Clayton, Victoria, Australia Avril Brereton, Ph.D. Senior Research Fellow Monash University Clayton, Victoria, Australia Melissa Kiomall, M.Psych. Monash University Clayton, Victoria, Australia Emma Lourey, B.A. Hons. Project Officer National Institute of Clinical Studies Melbourne, Victoria, Australia John Taffe, Ph.D. Monash University Clayton, Victoria, Australia Substance-Related Disorders Jerry Annand, MA, Chair Director Annand Counseling Center Portland, Oregon, USA Chrissoula Stavrakaki, M.D., Ph.D. Professor of Psychiatry University of Ottawa Ottawa, Ontario, Canada TIC Disorders L. Jarrett Barnhill, M.D., Chair Professor of Psychiatry University of North Carolina School of Medicine Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA Diana J. Antonacci, M.D. Associate Professor of Psychiatric Medicine Brody School of Medicine Greenville, North Carolina, USA Nellieke D. de Koning, M.D.,  Chief Psychiatrist The Basccule Academic Centre for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Duivendrecht, Netherlands Paul H. Kartheiser, M.D.,  Assistant Professor of Psychiatry University of North Carolina School of Medicine Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA Ann R. Poindexter, M.D. Consultant Conway, Arkansas, USA